The Vector: International Journal of Emerging Science, Technology and Management (IJESTM)

The Antiangiogenic Activity of Alokon (Broussonetia luzonica) Flower Extract Using Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay

2025-01-20T07:53:28+00:00

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with existing treatments often being costly and accompanied by adverse effects. This study investigated the antiangiogenic activity of Alokon (Broussonetia luzonica) flower extract as a potential natural alternative for inhibiting blood vessel formation critical to tumor growth. Using the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, the study evaluated blood vessel inhibition across six treatment groups: distilled water (negative control), Quercetin (positive control), and four extract concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Results demonstrated that Alokon extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of angiogenesis, with the 100% concentration achieving comparable efficacy to Quercetin (27.87% and 29.60% inhibition, respectively). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Scheffé test, confirmed significant differences between treatment groups, highlighting the extract’s potential as a cost-effective antiangiogenic agent. These findings highlight the value of Alokon flower extract in developing accessible cancer therapies, warranting further exploration into its bioactive compounds and therapeutic applications.

Fluid Flow Visualization using an Improvised Reynolds’ Apparatus

2025-01-20T07:57:27+00:00

In studying fluid mechanics, the Reynolds’ apparatus is a fundamental tool for demonstrating how fluid flow in pipes transitions from laminar to turbulent regimes. However, commercial units can be prohibitively expensive for many institutions, limiting practical, hands-on experiences. In this work, a low-cost Reynolds apparatus was designed and constructed using locally available materials at a total cost of approximately Php 4,010 (about 70 USD). The system was validated by comparing observed flow regimes—ranging from laminar to turbulent—with those predicted by computed Reynolds numbers, and a strong correspondence between theory and observation was found. Further investigations were conducted on the effects of fluid velocity and temperature (and thus kinematic viscosity) on the Reynolds number. As expected, the Reynolds number is raised by increasing the flow velocity, while raising the fluid temperature lowers its viscosity and thus further elevates the Reynolds number. Notably, with tap water used as the working fluid and a test pipe of 2.2 cm inner diameter, Reynolds numbers as high as 67,715 can be achieved, allowing the study of highly turbulent flows. Given its affordability and demonstrated accuracy, this improvised Reynolds’ apparatus is deemed well-suited for instructional and research applications, particularly in settings constrained by limited budgets.

Experimental Analysis of Water Jet Dynamics Using an Improvised Jet Impact Apparatus

2025-01-20T08:13:53+00:00

This study presents an experimental analysis of water jet dynamics using an improvised jet impact apparatus. The research encompassed the design, construction, and testing of the apparatus to evaluate its performance. Testing involved determining and comparing theoretical and experimental impact forces under various experimental setups. These setups included different masses (70.0 g, 100.0 g, 150.0 g) and target vanes with varied angles of impact (90°, 29.5°, 180°). The target vanes were designed with flat, conical, and hemispherical surfaces. The results indicated that the improvised apparatus achieved an overall percentage error of 17.39% in determining impact forces. Among the configurations, the hemispherical target vane combined with a 100 g mass-produced the most accurate results, with a 7.04% error. The highest percentage error of 31.6% occurred with the flat target vane and a 70 g mass. These findings suggest that while the apparatus can yield precise results under optimal conditions (e.g., hemispherical vane and 100 g mass), it may produce less accurate measurements in other configurations. Despite its limitations, the improvised jet impact apparatus demonstrates utility as a teaching and learning tool for exploring fluid dynamics, particularly the behavior of water jets. It provides an accessible means of demonstrating fundamental concepts, even if not suited for experiments requiring high precision. Overall, the apparatus serves as a valuable resource for introducing students to the principles of jet impact and fluid dynamics.

Growth and Yield Performance of Pechay (Brassica napus L.) var. Black Behi Using the CHRRO Hydroponic System

2025-01-20T08:31:04+00:00

Hydroponic cultivation offers sustainable agricultural solutions, but the efficiency of water sources in hydroponic systems is underexplored. Understanding these sources is crucial for optimizing resource use, mitigating environmental impact, and ensuring long-term sustainability in hydroponic agriculture. This study aimed to assess the growth and yield performance of pechay (Brassica napus L.) var. Black Behi using hydroponic systems with different water sources: tap water (T1), unfiltered wastewater (T2), and filtered wastewater (T3). The research evaluated the sustainability of the CHRRO hydroponic system, which exclusively uses filtered wastewater (T3) for hydroponic cultivation. Using a Completely Randomized Design, 15 plants per treatment (T1, T2, and T3) were studied. The study measured growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and weight, and assessed the acceptability of the CHRRO hydroponic system in Bacsil, San Juan, Ilocos Sur, using standardized rating forms from experts in agriculture, science, electronics, and farming. Pechay plants in filtered wastewater (T3) exhibited superior growth and yield compared to those in tap water (T1) and unfiltered wastewater (T2). ANOVA confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05), with T3 being the most effective water source. The CHRRO system, utilizing filtered wastewater exclusively, received high acceptability ratings (mean rating: 4.56). However, Kendall's W indicated low agreement among experts (W= 0.133, p = 0.257), suggesting variability in evaluations due to differing expertise. The CHRRO system, which uses filtered wastewater, is ideal for hydroponic cultivation, and future research should include microbial analysis, nutrient profiling, economic and environmental assessments, continuous monitoring of water parameters, and expert feedback.

Potentiality and Consumer Acceptability of Tofu with Banana Peel Dumpling

2025-01-20T08:41:32+00:00

This study aimed to develop tofu-banana peel dumplings and to determine the significant differences between fried dumplings (T0) and (T1) steamed dumplings in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. An experimental research design was used. A total of 50 respondents evaluated the developed product, comprising students and teaching personnel of the College of Business Administration and Accountancy. Weighted mean was used to analyze the data. Results of the study revealed that the fried dumpling (T0) mixtures were very much acceptable in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture, while the steamed dumpling (T1) was very much acceptable. Significant differences existed between the acceptability of the two mixtures. Fried tofu-banana peel dumplings (T0) produced a better quality than the steamed tofu-banana peel dumplings (T1).

Generating Weaving Codes of Abel Iloko

2025-01-20T12:07:48+00:00

The study described the weave patterns used in abel products like slippers, face masks, and pouch bags and developed weaving codes in designing these products. The coding theory, an application of number theory and the use of the binary decimal codes, was used and applied to describe and develop the codes of the designs in the Abel Iloko Products in Ilocos Sur. The result guided the researchers in generating weaving codes for the designs of slippers, face masks, pouches, and bags. The study employed descriptive and developmental research designs. It explored the different weave patterns found in the Abel Iloko products. It is developmental because the study aims to generate weaving codes based on the patterns used in the production of Abel Iloko. Moreover, the results provide new research directions and ideas for innovation. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: Instructional medium may be used as a medium of learning for students in Ilocos Sur, where learning could be made more varied, and students get to know their culture and preserve the culture of Abel Iloko products. Researchers may use the results as a basis for future research to develop a warp-weighted loom simulation so that historical weaving processes may be explored and shared to generate new fabrication possibilities.

Evaluation of Raphanus sativus (Radish) Leaf Extract and Its Insecticidal Potential against Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly)

2025-01-20T12:16:10+00:00

Insects pose significant ecological threats and act as vectors for pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, insects damage crops, leading to substantial economic losses. Traditionally, chemical insecticides have been employed to manage insect populations; however, their detrimental effects on the environment and human health have raised concerns. The study evaluated the potential of Raphanus sativus as an alternative natural insecticide. Contact toxicity and mortality assays were used to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of R. sativus leaf extract in varying concentrations against D. melanogaster larvae and adults. The insecticidal activity was assessed by measuring percentage mortality at three different time intervals (30, 45, and 60 minutes). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc tests, were conducted to identify significant differences between treatments. The findings demonstrated that R. sativus leaf extract exhibited insecticidal activity against D. melanogaster larvae after 45 and 60 minutes of exposure. The extract showed promising efficacy against adult D. melanogaster, with insecticidal activity comparable to the chemical insecticide malathion at all exposure times (30, 45, and 60 minutes). These results suggest that R. sativus leaf extract holds potential as an effective and environmentally safer alternative to chemical insecticides in pest management.

Feasibility of Vegetable Hummingbird Flowers (Sesbania grandiflora) in Noodle Production: A Sustainable Approach to Food Innovation

2025-01-20T12:24:55+00:00

Despite the abundance of vegetable hummingbird (Sesbania grandiflora) flowers, locally known as Katuday/Katuray, they remain underutilized despite their potential as a sustainable food source. This research explored the feasibility of producing noodles from these flowers, branded as Katoodles (Katuday Noodles), to increase their utility and address wheat shortages. By examining the sensory characteristics of noodles made from vegetable hummingbird flowers and wheat flour, the study aimed to provide an innovative and sustainable food product. This quasi-experimental research used four ratios of blended vegetable hummingbird flowers to flour (0:100, 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60). Five food technology and cookery experts, along with five consumers, evaluated the Katoodles based on taste, texture, smell, and appearance using a Five-Point Hedonic Scale. Results indicated that noodles could successfully be made with these blends. Katoodles with 50% blended vegetable hummingbird flowers (Mixture 1) scored the highest in sensory evaluation, while commercial noodles (Mixture 0) scored the lowest. No significant difference was found among the Katoodles mixtures, suggesting consistent quality comparable to commercial products. This study highlights the broader potential of utilizing underutilized crops like Katuday/Katuray to promote sustainability and reduce reliance on wheat. Katoodles offers a nutritious, plant-based alternative, addressing the demand for healthier, eco-friendly options. Their commercialization could diversify the noodle market, create economic opportunities, and encourage the cultivation of sustainable crops. Further research on the nutritional value and marketability of Katoodles is recommended.

Zooplankton Morphology, Abundance, and their Relationship with Physicochemical Parameters in Coastal Waters of Fuerte, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur

2025-01-20T12:29:47+00:00

Zooplankton, which graze on the water column, play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of phytoplankton communities and reducing the frequency of blooms. Despite their substantial contributions to the marine ecosystem, their value to coastal communities was frequently overlooked because of their microscopic nature. The lack of data on marine zooplankton in the Ilocos Sur Region motivated this study conducted in Brgy. Fuerte, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur, to generate new insights into the zooplankton community. It aims to analyze zooplankton morphology, abundance, and physicochemical parameters. Sample collection was conducted during the evening (7 pm to 10 pm). Surface water samples were collected using a handheld fine mesh plankton net (50 m) and preserved with formaldehyde and Lugol’s solution. Thirteen groups of zooplankton populations were recorded in Brgy. Fuerte, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur. They were categorized into two kingdoms: Animalia and Chromista. Common zooplankton included Nauplius larvae, Calanus sp. (Calanoid), and Dioithona sp. (Cyclopoid). The overall density of zooplankton recorded was 192,050 cells/L, which comprises four stations. Regarding species density, the top five dominant species were Favella sp. (Tintinnids) with 163,689 cells/L, Nauplius larvae with 13,478 cells/L, Calanus sp. (Calanoid) with 9,300 cells/L, Sabellaria sp. (Middle trochophore larvae) with 1,283 cells/L, and Dioithona sp. (Cyclopoid) with 1,211 cells/. Future studies should investigate the complex relationships between physicochemical factors and zooplankton abundance and diversity while extending the sampling period to include additional zooplankton species. Understanding these relationships will enhance the comprehension of ecosystem dynamics and develop more effective coastal water management strategies.

Awareness and Practices on Household Waste Management of the Residents in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur

2025-01-20T12:47:14+00:00

Improper household waste management poses significant environmental and health risks, emphasizing the importance of public awareness and sustainable practices. This study assessed the awareness and practices of household waste management among 106 residents of Barangay Borobor, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur form March 2018 to March 2021. It examined awareness and practices related to segregation, reduction, reuse, recycling, and disposal and analyzed the relationship between residents’ profiles, awareness levels, and waste management practices. A descriptive-correlational design was employed, with data collected through validated survey questionnaires. Results showed that residents were knowledgeable about waste management, particularly segregation and reuse. However, challenges were noted in the implementation of disposal and recycling practices. Correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between residents' profiles and their awareness, but awareness levels were significantly linked to specific practices such as segregation, reduction, and reuse. The study found that while residents are intensely aware of proper waste management, practices require improvement through targeted interventions. Strengthening barangay-led initiatives, such as waste management committees and educational campaigns, and fostering partnerships with local organizations to promote sustainable practices are highly recommended. The barangay council is encouraged to institutionalize household waste management through ordinances and incentivize active community participation. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of improved waste management practices and strategies for enhancing community engagement.

Treated Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Concrete Structural Members

2025-01-20T12:54:13+00:00

This study explored the innovative use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) combined with Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) as a sustainable alternative to Natural Aggregate (NA) in concrete production. Addressing the traditional limitation of RCA usage to 30% due to water absorption and reduced strength, this research successfully increased the RCA content to 50% using a Two-Stage Mixing Approach (TSMA). Three concrete mixtures were tested: conventional concrete and two mixtures containing 50% RCA and 50% NA, incorporating 0.11% and 0.3% SAP by cement weight. Compressive and flexural strength tests conducted on cylindrical and beam samples after 28 days revealed that the flexural strength of the recycled concrete mixtures was comparable to that of traditional concrete, meeting the standards set by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). Notably, the mixture with 50% RCA, 50% NA, and 0.3% SAP achieved the highest compressive strength, surpassing the American Concrete Institute (ACI) standard of 17 MPa (2500 PSI). These findings highlighted the potential of TSMA and SAP to enhance the structural performance of RCA-based concrete, making it a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional concrete. This study introduced a novel method for increasing RCA utilization in structural applications, significantly reducing construction waste and promoting environmentally sustainable practices in the construction industry.